Fighting mosquito borne illnesses

How Notre Dame continued the fight against Zika in South America.

A close up view of a mosquito on a human arm.
Slide image showing a mosquito and red liquid around it on a white background with text overlaid.
Killer Cure: Turning Human Blood Against Mosquitoes
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Mosquitoes kill more than 1 million people each year—more than any other living creature. And while they may not be as deadly in the U.S., there are many in those regions of the globe where they've developed a resistance to the insecticides or drugs already in use.
Slide graphic showing partial images of mosquitoes on a white background with text overlaid.
That's where nitisinone comes in. Notre Dame biologists Alvaro Acosta Serrano and Lee Haines found that the drug used to treat a rare metabolic disease has a potential to make human blood deadly to mosquitoes. When mosquitoes of any age feed on blood containing niisinone, they die, unlike existing treatments. It can also kill the hardy mosquitoes resistant to traditional insecticides.
Slide graphic showing partial images of mosquitoes on a white background with text overlaid.
Because it affects only blood-feeding mosquitoes, the drug's impact on the environment is minimal, avoiding harm to insects and wildlife.

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A split graphic - at the top a photo of an electric fan placed on a picnic table with a tent in the background and at the bottom - white text on a blue background.
Does citronella work? Notre Dame professor Lee Haines says yes, but only if you use it correctly.
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Female mosquitoes are ravenous for blood, so to outsmart them you have to think like them. They're searching for dark shapes emmitting carbon dioxide [and] often reletlessly pursue your ankles, even if you are wearing socks! While EPA-approved repellants work best, the key with citronella-infused products is to make sure they contain a high enough concentration of good quality citronella AND apply them frequently as they do not last long.
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Candles: Candles do work, but make sure they use citronella oil vs. a citronella fragrance. Put your candles on the ground instead of the table and, if there's wind, put them upwind of you.
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Mosquito Coils: Coils are excellent because they combine a smell mosquitoes don't like and smoke. Position coils lower to the ground and be mindful of wind.
A split graphic - at the top a photo of a torch lit in an outdoor picnic area and at the bottom - white text on a blue background.
Torches: Torches with citronella oil have similar issues to candles: they're often too high in the air to make a difference, but if they are positioned lower they could.
A split graphic - at the top a photo of a mother spraying a child with a mist of insect repellant and at the bottom white text on a blue background.
Bug Sprays: While DEET-containing products repel mosquitoes best, citronella-based sprays that use a high concentration of oil do work. Reapply them every 20 minutes or so for them to continue to be effective.
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Plants and Flowers: Citronella plants are natural mosquito repellants, as are lemon grass, peppermint, and catnip. They emit a repellant radius of only a few feet, so potted plants placed around a deck work well.
A split graphic - at the top a photo of an electric fan placed on a picnic table with a tent in the background and at the bottom - white text on a blue background.
Portable Fans: And if all else fails ... invest in a big fan. Mosquitoes are weak flyers and will have a hard time flying up wind to reach you.

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